By: S. Thangboi Zou
Ethnic Group Bangchina?
Modern Dictionary of Geography ah ethnic group umjie tambang in kigiel hi: ethnic group refers to a group of people united by a common characteristics… related to race, nationality, language, religion or some other aspects of culture. Ethnic group/nam-tum ichi khu north east India a kibuoipi pen leh silsuimi(researcher) ten zong alunglutpi pente lah a khat ahi. Ethnicity suidan chi ni(2) in khen thei hi: (1) Primordialism leh (2) Existentialism or Circumstantialism ahi. Primordialism khu khanggui khat, kipatna kibang, sisan kibang, tawndan, ham le pau kibangte namkhat ahi chia suina ahi. Circumstantialism ahileh primordialism dan hilou in, namkhat dinkhiet (nation building) na dinga vanzat poimaw, ham leh pau, khanggui-guilou, kipatna leh tawndan kichite toh kisai khalou in, a ut taphot namkhat a gawmkhawm a, gamtum khat nei ding chi ngaidan ahi. Unity in diversity chidan deu tobang ahi. India nation building umdan toh kibang mama ahi. Naga ten zong a nampi dinkhietna nasep ah tambang ngaidan peipi uhi. Ei Zo suante nam ngainatna (nationalism) khu primordialism concept apat (based) ahia, hinanleh, ikiim a unau Nagate a khu circumstantialism based ahi. Eiten Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi, etc. teng chikhat namkhat, ham leh pau kinai, tawndan kibang, chite pansan in namkhat ihina iphuong zah lai un, Naga ten koipou/anuom tapou Naga nam suoh thei/ahithei ahi, Naga min a kigawm thei ahi chi 1950s lai apat ana tang koupi ta uhi. Tuajieh in eimi nam toh kinai, hing kipatna leh ham le pau a iki naipi uh unau Chothe, Maring, Koireng, Anal, Aimol, Chiru, leh adang dang, nidanglai a British ten Old Kuki chia ana min vaw te uh, Naga toh akinai na um het lou pi in ‘Naga nam’ ah ana luut uhi. Ei ham/pau leh tawndan kinai namkhat a um thei ding teng atuom chiet ah ki um daih hi. Hibang a Zo suon namte bang chidan a atel-tel a kikhen neen sieng ihi uh e, chi themkhat bul suina nei lei chi lunggel kanei hi.
Manipur state sung ah nam tampi tengkhawm a, tuate lah ah, alienhuop in nam chi thum um hi. Tuate khu Meitei, Naga leh Chin-Kuki-Mizo or Zo nam ahi. Zo suan ichi chieng in ang suangtu ‘Zo’(PuZo) kichi mihing khat ana um ahi chi pansan in ana gen uhi. Hinanleh, khenkhat ten ‘Zo’ khu mihing hizolou in gammang leh muolsangte genna ahi chin pang uhi. Gentena in, Zotui ichi chieng in muoldawn a hing kipan tui hing luong genna ana hi a, Zogam ichi chieng in singtang gam china ahi mai hi. Tualeh, koigam chi umlou in muoldawn apat hing luong tui khu eiten Zotui ichi thei lel uhi. Tuajieh in Zo pen mihing kisuohsah (personified) kibawl tawm ahi chia pomtheilou zong mi um thei tham hi. Hinanleh, Zo pen mihing ahia, eimite hing suongtu ipu uh ana um ahi chi tua Mizo, Zomi leh adang khenkhat in apomdet pen khat uh ana hita hi. Kuki pomte lah ah hunkhop in zong Zo suan kichi pen pomthei ta uhi.
Zo(Chin/Kuki/Mizo) Identity toh kisai hilchienna
Chin-Kuki-Mizo namte khu a tenna mun uh atuom dungjui in akihatna min uh zong tuom chiet hi. Burma ah Chin State leh Sagaing division ah um ua, Bangladesh a Chittagong hills, India ah Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland leh Tripura ah kithe zah uhi. Burma gam ate Chin; India a Tripura, Assam, Nagaland leh Manipur ah Kuki chi’n British hun apat ana kithei ua, Mizoram ah Lushai/Mizo chi’n ana kihan uhi. Manipur ah British ten ‘Kuki’ in ana thei nan ulezong atenkhawmpi uh Meitei ten ‘Khongjai’ (Khuongtumte) chin ana han uhi. North east India ah Kuki min khu A.D 1830-1840 kikal vel in ana kithei ta hi.[ ] Khul/Sinlung kichi China a Yunan province (Burma gam toh kinai) a leikohawm khat apat hing kipan ahi dan uh koipou gintat ahi.
Tumlam gam a laigelmiten ‘Zo’ toh kisai ana gelte uh envai. Father Sangermano, Italian Missionary khat in1783 lai a akhuolzinna tanchinte agelna ah ‘Jo’ kichi thumal ana zang hi. “Chin hills tumlam 200 30’ leh 210 30’ north latitude kikal ah ‘Jo’ kichi namneu(petty nation) te teng uhi” chi’n anagiel hi. Tam khu historical record adia Zo/Jo/Yaw kichi thumal ana kitahlat na masa pen ahi. Hinanleh, Sagermano in “amaute khu Chien kichi ding hizaw uhi” chin ana gen belap hi. Zo min khu Grierson in zong 1905 in alaigel “Linguistic Survey of India” ah ana tahlang zou tahi. Aman, “amin uh (Kuki/Chin) pen amauten azang sih ua, tuasang in mindang Zo or Yo or Sho kichi dandeu khat azang zaw uhi” chin ana gen hi. Tualeh Burma gam ah tami namten Chin kichi ding adeilou dan uh Lehman(1963) in tabang in ana giel hi: “Chin kichi thumal in Chin kichi minamte toh kizopna/kisaina anei kha sih, amauten thumal tuom vilvel khat akinei ua, tuakhu Zo, Yo chi dandeu khat ahi”.
Kuki min toh kisai in Grierson in “Kuki khu Assamese ahilouleh Bengali thumal ahia singtangmi Lushei, Rangkhols, Thado leh adangdangte genna ahi” ana chi hi. Tami nam kibang teng hatkhomna ding min khat umlou ahi man in, buoilou nading in, aminlui uh (Kuki) pen kazang den mai hi chiin zong Grierson in ana gen hi. Tamkhu Greirson in Northeast India a Zo suan te ana genna ahi. Aman Lushei(Mizo) te bang “Lushei-Kuki” chin ana han/kou hi. Hinanleh, atangpiin, Kuki pen 18th century tawpkuon lai vel a Chin Hills leh Lushai Hills apat a delkhiet a um, Manipur, Nagaland leh Assam gam a hing taite genna tangpi in aki zang hi.
Tualeh, Lushei tang a ana pemlut te khu tunin Mizo akichi den ta uhi. Mizo khu Zo apat lahkhiet ahi. Mizo khumintha kivaw ahia, Lushai hills a nam kibang teng gawmkhawm nadia kizang ahi. Grierson in Lushei khu Duhlien toh kibang ahi. Lushei ham kichi khu Duhlien ham china ahimai hi. Duhlien ahileh Lushei gam kai ana saattu ahia, akhanggui uh Sailou innsung apat sutkhiet thei in um hi. Ralte, Hmar, Paite leh adang dangten awl-awl in Lushei/Duhlien ham ang zang pan uhi, chiin Grierson in ana gen hi. Tualou in, Lushei sungah phung 10 val a um hi. Lushei khu namkhat leh hamkhat mai ahia, namteng huopthei ahilou jieh in mintha, Mizo chikhu 1940s laivel apat Mizoram ah ana kiha bawl mama hi. Zo thumal toh kisai hilchienna in Major J. Shakespear in tambang in ana giel hi: “…Eiten tami namte Lushai chiin han nan uleizong amau leh amau khu ‘Zao’ aki chi uhi”.
Bangteng hinanleh Chin-Kuki-Mizo thumal zang namteng khu kipatna (origin) kibang a, tawndan leh hamzah (dialects) te khu themkhat kibahlouna um nan leh atamzaw kibang ahi chi akipom thupipen khat ahita hi. Hinanleh pumkhat akigawm khawmna ding nam-min (nomenclature) khat um thei nai lou hi.
Dawn of Identity Consciousness (I nam hina chiet ngaikhawhna)
Pienkhietna kibang, ham leh pau kinai leh unau khat ihi chi kitheituona toh Chin-Kuki-Mizo group teng in 1946 in Kuki National Assembly (KNA) ana phut ua, tuanah tami namteng ana kipunkhawm uhi. Hinanleh KNA sung ah nam chin umteng kituohthei lou in kum khat zou ding vel in ana kehsuo kia uhi. Akigendan in, KNA khu Thadou ham zang ten thunei khum (dominate) seng dan hileh kilawm. Meeting notice leh kihouna ham/pau khu atamzaw a Thadou ham ngen a kigiel leh kigen ahi zieh in mi khenkhat ten Thadou ham theisiem lou ahi man un lungkim thei talou uhi. Tuachia English ham zah zawh ding ahi chia pang pawl khatte khu Thadou lamkai ten “nou Kuki-seki, Kuki-makhai pawl” chiin simmawna kamteng ana zang kha bang ana umdan uhi. Tuazieh in, Thadou chilou nam dangteng nuohtai bei uhi. Tuazou 1947 in KNA apat taikhie namteng in kigawm na ding in Khul National Union ana phut kia uhi. KNA leh KNU lamkaite chiet uh Manipur politics ah ki hel ngal in MLA chite bang ding ua, alawching zong ana um uhi. Khul Union in zong hunsawt dai tuon lou in bei kia jel hi. Igen utpen ahileh, KNA a hing kikhenzou apat ‘eimi’ te tunitan in munkhat ah kigawm thei nawn lou in kikhen suoh tahi.
Constitution of India (Scheduled Caste/Tribe) Order, 1950 in Manipur ah singtangmite nam thum pomdetna nei hi, tuate khu Any Naga, Any Kuki leh Any Mizo tribes ahi. Tuahun lai in inam min uh atuomchiet anakinei nanleh solkar in eite pen Any Kuki or Any Mizo in ang na chiemte uhi. Tambang a ut leh da umlou a namkhat (ethnic group) a hing na kikoi/kigawm pen khu, 1956 in, eima sunga kituohmawna um zieh in ana keh ta a, michin in aham apau zah dungjui in nam min tuom chiet ang kiphut ta uhi. Modification Order, 1956 ah ham leh pau apat in Any Kuki group teng zong atuom chiet a scheduled tribe status pieh in ana um ta uhi. Naga te zong anam chin phiel recognised pieh ana ua, hinanleh Naga nam ngainatna leh political movement ahat zieh in Naga umbrella nuoi ah umkhawm thei veve uhi. Any Kuki group te lah ah ‘nam-ngainatna’ lungsim in ahuop khu ham leh pau kibang chet teng munkhat a umkhawm ding chi tan chauh vision ana hi giap hi. Tuajieh in be le phung leh ham pansan in nam min tuom chiet, eg. Paite, Thadou, Simte, Vaiphei, Hmar, etc te hing pieng chiet uhi.
Kum 1950 zou apat Naga nationalism (namngainatna) hui Nagaland apat Manipur ah hing laang in, Naga nam, ham leh pau kitheituolou teng - Kabui, Tangkhul, Mao, Liangmei/Zamei, Maram, kichi te munkhat in kigawm sieng uhi. Tuamai hilou in, Chandel leh mundangdanga Old Kuki namte - Anal, Maring, Chothe, Purum, leh adangdang teng zong Naga a va huoilut bei uhi. Hinanleh, Churachandpur pansan namteng (Eimite) pen Kuki hilou, Naga or Mizo zong hituomlou in eima son chiet ah ‘kivaah thaap’ siang a, Scheduled Tribe nuoi ah inam min chiet utoh kikhosa bei hi. Thadou ham zang te maimai in Kuki identity pen kemden uhi.
Kum 1949 in Paite ten Paite National Council phut ua, 1958 in Zou ten United Zomi Organisation leh Gangte Tribe Union ana kiphut hi. Vaiphei ten Vaiphei National Organisation 1960 ah, tualeh Hmar National Union 1962 in Hamr ten amau khaikhom ding in phut ua, Lushei/Mizo te Manipur Mizo Union in kipuo uhi. Tualeh, Simte National Union, Komrem Union, leh adang dangte aban ban in ana kiphut siang hi. Tualeh, The Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act, 1956 (80 of 1956) ah singtang kho hausa thuneina suhbei khah a um ding jauna jieh in, Kuki National Assembly lamkaina in tami namchin pawlpi ten 1960 vel in eimite a ding in Statehood ana ngen khawm kha uhi. Hinanleh, tuakhu ana lawching zou lou uhi.
Tu Khang dinmun
Tu khang ah Zo suan namte Government in scheduled tribe list ah ang koi liu-leu ta a, itan tawh chiet un ki lung kim mai ta hi. Hinanleh, Naga federation dan in ang khaikhomtu ‘nomenclature’ kibang kinei thei nai lou hi. Tuabang kal ah, Mizo a umpawl, Zomi a um pawl leh Kuki a um pawl in ikithethang niai-nuoi uhi. Unau Hmar namte bang a political grievance uh paulap pum in heima ah bet lou in Hmar min khu nomenclature toh kibang phiel in pom mawh uhi. Tuamai hilou in, phung leh tang leh hamzah (dialect) pansan in khen khatte tribe recognition ngen in kiphin nalai uhi. Gente na in, Mate kichi khu phung min ahia, tribe mun 3 vel ah kithaap ua, ham zah tuom chet neilou uhi. Hinanleh, Mate tribe recognition ngen ua, tualeh munalai uhi. Tuabang in Thangkhal ham zang pawl ten zong atuom a Thangkhal tribe recognition ngen uhi. Hinanleh, Thangkhal ham zang te khu tribe tuomtuom a be-le-phungte ahi jel uhi. Khenkhat ten ham kibang neilou a phung jieh a tribe adin sawm lai un, hamkibah jieh a tribe din sawm khen khat ana um hi. Mao-Naga a ana umsa Poumai tribe ten ham tuom kinei ua, tu in Poumai tribe pen atuom ah um thei uhi. Hinanleh ei sung ah be (clan) khat khu nam khat kisuo sah sawm hi. Thadou ham sung ah Thadou min deilou um hi. Thadou pen family khata unau lah a nautum pen ahia, nautum pen min a nam khat um ding chi khu pomsiem theilou uhi. Tuajieh in Kuki tribe kichi ua, 1991 tan in Census of India ah Kuki tribe ana um nalai hi. Hinanleh Kuki khu tribe min khat mai hithei lou ahi chi ngaidan zieh in 2001 census ah Thadou in um sieng kia uhi. Hinanleh tami thu beithei ngailou ahi man in, 2010 bul lam ah ‘Any Kuki’ tribe kichi Government in recognised bawl tha kia hi. A ut taphot Any Kuki tribe ah um thei ahing hi a, be-phung min khu tribe min hing suoh theina lampi khat hing kisiem hi. Gentenan, Haokip-Kuki, Khongsai-Kuki, Doungel-Kuki chia tribe min lah thei ta hi. Hinanleh tam Any Kuki tribe um vang in buoina veng thei tah tah tuom lou bang hi.
Atawpna ah, Zo suan namte India Northeast state tuomtuomte ah um suoh phiel hi. 1946 vel apat chikhat hina pen ana kiphawh phah ta a, hinanleh, mahni ham leh pau, phung le tang chiet buoipina zieh in nam khat a umthei dinglai te neu nounou in kikhentel bei hi. Tuabangkal ah Mangkang leh India solkar in ang na theipina tangpi minte deilouna jieh in nampum khat a kigawm khawm na ding pan ana la uhi. Lushai hills a te Mizo ah kigawm thei ua, hinanleh Manipur hills lam ate min khat beh ah dingkhawm thei nai lou uhi. Kuki leh Zomi pen kigawm khawm nadi’a nailam pen bang hi. Hinanleh heipen chet hiding e chiin ki buoiden nalai hi.
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